Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers, yet many women still have questions about symptoms, screening, HPV, and what happens if something comes back abnormal. We asked women in the Birmingham Mom Collective community to share their biggest questions, and three UAB Medicine experts answered them.
Below, you’ll find expert-backed answers to help you feel informed, empowered, and confident about your cervical health.
Meet the UAB Medicine Experts
Dr. Teresa K.L. Boitano, MD
Dr. Boitano is a female cancer surgeon who treats uterine, ovarian, cervical, and vulvar cancers. Her research focuses on cervical cancer prevention, surgical outcomes, quality of life for chemotherapy patients, and surgical education.
Dr. Isabel Scarinci, PhD, MPH
Dr. Scarinci specializes in cancer prevention and eliminating cancer disparities, particularly among low-income, racial/ethnic minority, and immigrant populations. Her work focuses on large-scale behavior change to improve public health.
Sarah Richardson, MSHQS, BSN, RN, OCN
Ms. Richardson is a nurse manager in Gynecologic Oncology. She supports patient care and education in gynecologic oncology and helps guide women through screening, follow-up, and treatment.
1. What are the early signs or symptoms of cervical cancer?
One of the most important things to know about cervical cancer is that early stages often have no symptoms at all. That’s why regular screening is so critical.
When symptoms do appear, they may include heavier than normal periods, vaginal bleeding after sex, vaginal bleeding after menopause, or pelvic pain.
Because symptoms often don’t show up until the cancer is more advanced, testing remains the best way to detect cervical cancer early or prevent it altogether.
2. How often should women be screened for cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer screening is recommended for women ages 21 to 65. Screening may include pap tests, HPV testing, or a combination of both, depending on age and medical history.
Some women over age 65 may still need screening if they have a history of abnormal results or limited prior screening. The key takeaway is to get screened regularly and always follow up on abnormal results.
3. What role does HPV play in cervical cancer?
HPV (human papillomavirus) is the primary cause of cervical cancer. In fact, nearly 100% of cervical cancer cases are linked to persistent infection with high-risk HPV types, especially HPV 16 and HPV 18.
The good news? The HPV vaccine is not just for kids. Adults can still get vaccinated. The Gardasil HPV vaccine is approved for individuals up to age 45. HPV vaccination is one of the most powerful tools we have to prevent cervical cancer.
4. What happens if a Pap or HPV test comes back abnormal?
An abnormal result can feel scary, but it’s important to know that most abnormal Pap tests are not cancer.
Next steps may include:
- Additional HPV testing (if not already done)
- A colposcopy, where the provider examines the cervix more closely with a magnifying instrument
- A biopsy, if abnormal cells are seen
If high-grade changes are found (CIN2 or CIN3), treatment such as a LEEP procedure may be recommended to remove abnormal cells. For low-grade changes (CIN1), providers may recommend watchful waiting with repeat testing in six to 12 months.
Following up is critical. Early detection and proper monitoring can prevent cervical cancer before it develops.
5. What are the treatment options for cervical cancer today?
Treatment depends on the stage of cervical cancer. Early-stage cervical cancer may be treated with:
- Cold knife cone surgery
- Radical hysterectomy
Advanced-stage cervical cancer is typically treated with:
- Chemoradiation with brachytherapy (internal radiation)
- Chemotherapy
In recent years, treatment has evolved to include:
- Immunotherapy (such as Keytruda)
- Targeted therapies (such as Avastin)
- Maintenance therapy for eligible patients
These advances are helping improve outcomes and quality of life.
Learn More with OPERATION WIPE OUT
One major initiative making a difference in reducing cervical cancer rates is OPERATION WIPE OUT. Alabama is currently the first and only state with a comprehensive plan to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem.
OPERATION WIPE OUT aims to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem in Alabama by raising awareness about HPV and cervical cancer prevention and facilitating access to vaccination, screening, follow-up, and treatment.
The Bottom Line for Birmingham Moms
Cervical cancer is preventable, detectable, and treatable, especially when women have access to accurate information and care.
By staying informed, getting screened, and spreading the word, every woman can play a role in eliminating cervical cancer for future generations.
If you found this helpful, share it with a friend, family member, or fellow mom. You never know who might need it.
